Western Astrology

Western Astrology has been practised for thousands of years in Arabia and Europe. Western astrology is geocentric, that is, it considers the Earth as the centre around which the Sun revolves. Modern astrology has as its roots the ancient celestial omen reading of Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamians lived in the area of modern-day Iraq betwen the Rivers of the Tigris and the Euphrates. They included the Sumerians, the Akkadians, the Babylonians and the Assyrians.

The Babylonians (Chaldean Astrology) began to interpret the celestial cycles rather than random events which developed into astrology proper. But it wasn't until the Ancient Greeks that the ecliptic (Sun's path) was measured against the Earth and an exact solar calendar could be drawn up. Planets could now be fixed relative to the solstice and equinox points rather than simply relative to the four compass directions and the zenith and nadir points relative to the observer.

In order to construct a horoscope, you need to have an ephemeris to look up the planet tables, an atlas to determine the longitude and latitude of the place in question, a Table of Houses for detemining the Ascendant and the division of the houses. Special astrological software that is now widely available has made light work of the often complex mathematical calculations involved with complex charts involving harmonics and progressions.

The Signs Aries - Adventurous, enthusiastic, takes initiative, competitive, selfish. Taurus - Possessive, stubborn, determined, reliable, practical. Gemini - Versatile, clever, nervous energy, restless, inconsistent, curious. Cancer - Complex, defensive, moody, sensitive, emotional. Leo - Self-confident, broad-minded, dramatic, domineering, conceited. Virgo - Meticulous, fussy, emotionally reserved, practical, inhibited. Libra - Social, fair, indecisive, changeable. Scorpio - Passionate, determined, vindictive, secretive, stubborn. Sagittarius - Honest, energetic, outgoing, idealistic. Capricorn - Reliable, determined, cautious, practical, conventional. Aquarius - Friendly, independent, original, stubborn, rebellious. Pisces - Sensitive, impressionable, emotional, idealistic, intuitive. The Planets Sun - Self-expression, life force. Moon - Emotions, intuition, cycles, home, parents. Mercury - Thoughts, speech, communication, business matters, short journeys. Venus - Love life, creativity, beauty, social life. Mars - Action, energy, accidents, willpower, sexual expression. Jupiter - Luck, expansion, opportunity, excess. Saturn - Duties, responsibilities, burdens, lessons, ambitions. Uranus - Sudden changes, stress, insights. Neptune - Dreams, illusions, deceptions, the arts. Pluto - Elimination, death, birth, regeneration. North Node - Dragon's head, new and unfamiliar circumstances and activies. South Node - Dragon's tail, habit patterns from childhood or from past lives.

The Houses

The horoscope is divided into 12 houses. In Western Astrology there are many different methods of making these divisions. By the way, there is no astronomically perfect way of calculating the houses. Every system has its weakness.

The Different Systems of Houses

The Ecliptic Systems: Where the ecliptic is divided to determine the house cusps.

• The Equal House System The oldest and most popular system, the Equal House system, dates back to 3000 BC. The Ascendant marks the cusp (beginning) of the First House and the Descendant the cusp of the Seventh House. The rest is divided into 12 equal houses, hence the name. The beauty of this system is its mathematical simplicity. The drawback is that the cusps of the Fourth and Tenth Houses usually do not coincide with the Midheaven and the IC as in other systems.

• The Porphyry System This system was developed in the 3rd century AD. The Midheaven is taken as the cusp of the Tenth House and the quadrants are divided equally. Not much in use today.

• Other examples are the Natural Graduation House System and the M-House Method.

• The Campanus House System Johannes Campanus was a famous mathematician of the 13th century. He decided to divide the prime vertical into equal segments. This system does not work in localities of high latitudes.

• The Regiomontanus House System Johannes Muller (Regiomontanus) modified the Campanus system in the 15th century. He chose the celestial equator as his primary frame of reference. This sytem was very popular until 1800 and is still used in Europe, as well as for Horary and Electional Astrology.

• Other examples are the Morinus House System and the East Point House System.

• The Placidus House System Placidus de Titus, a Spanish monk, developed this in the 17th century. It is very complicated to calculate. This sytem became very popular after the 19th century astrologer Raphael published an almanac including a Placidean Table of Houses. This system does not work at all in high latitudes. This is, however, the most popular house system in use today.

• The Koch House System (Birthplace House System) Dr Walter Koch published this system in 1971 and it is based on complex trigonokmetry using the arc of oblique ascension at the place of birth. This system also fails in the highest latitudes.

• The Topocentric House System This system is a refinement of the Placidus House System. This system was not derived theoretically. It was developed in Argentina by Wendel Polich and A. P. Nelson page who studied the events in the life of a person who had a precise time of birth. This system works in all places.

More astrology:

Astrology Introduction Chinese Astrology Horary Astrology Mayan Astrology

Tibetan Astrology Vedic Astrology Your Star Child Star Parent